1.Distinguish between adaptive and non adaptive algorithms?
Adaptive routing is superior to non adaptive routing because adaptive routing may select a new route for each packet in response to change in condtion and topology of the networks.
2.what are the 3 main elements of link state routing?
1. knowledge about the neighborhood
2. sharing the information with every other network.
3. information sharing when there is a change.
3.what are the 3 main elements of distance vector routing algorithms?
• knowledge about the whole network
• routing only to neighbors
• information sharing at regular intervals.
4.differences between transport and datalink layers?
• Transports layer-it provide the service across internetwork,it can controle all three of the lowerlayer
• Data link layer-it is designed to provide its services with in single network,it can controle only the physical layer
4.what are the duties of transport layer?
• End to end delivery
• Addressing
• Realible delivery
• Flow control
• Multiplexing.
5.what is segmentation?
When the size of the date unit received from the upper layer is too long for the network layer data grams or data link frame to handle
The transport divides it into smaller unusable block . this dividing process is called segmentation.
6.explain how the TCP provides the reliaability?
• Checksum
• Duplicate data detection
• Retransmission
• Sequencing
• Timers
7.explain how TCP flow control works?
• TCP has a mechanism that guarantees that the relive buffer does not overflow the TCP receiver advertises space room in its receive buffer by including the volume of it is receive window size in the receive window field of every segment it sent to the TCP sender.
• The TCP sender is not allowed to sent more data than the receiver can receive because TCP connection are full duplex, this happens is both dir ections.
8.Define Reliability and its aspects?
• Realiable delivery of the packet means the correct delivery of the packet to the destinaction from source without a single error in the packet.
• Thereare 4 aspects of reliable delivery.
• There are 1error control
2 sequence control
3 loss control
4 duplicate
9 Wtite the difference TCP and UDP?
TCP
• Ti is a connection – oriented protocol
• Provides reliable deliver.
• Socket in TCP usually iddentified by means of 4 tuple
• Source IP address
• Source port number
• Destination IP address
• Destination port number.
UDP
• It is a connectionless protocol.
• Provides unreliable delivery.
• UTP socket is identified by means of 2 tuple.
• IP address (destination)
• Port number (destination)
10.what is a port?
Application running on different hosts communicate with TCP with the help of a concept called as ports . a port is a 16 bit unique number allocated to a particular application.
11.what is meant by well know ports ?what are the numbers?
• Well know port means they are reserved for use by well know application protocols such as HTTP and FTP. The port number ranging from 0 to 1023 are well know port numbers.
12.what is congestion and its types?
• When load on network is greater than its capacity, there is congestion of data packets. Congestion occurs because routers and switches have queues or buffers.
13.define (i)host (ii)IP?
HOST: an end user ‘s computer connection to network.in an internet each computer is B classified as a host or a router.
IP: internet protocol that define both the format of packet used on a TCP/IP internet on the mechanism for routing a packet to its destinaction.
14.List the flag used in TCP header?
TCP header contains six flags they are:
• URG
• ACK14.what is berkely soc
• PSH
• RST
• SYN
• FIN
ket and its primitives?
15.what is concatenation?
• When the size of the data unit belonging to a single session are so small that server units can fit together into single datagram or frame name , the transports protocol combines them into the a single data unit . the combined process is called concatenation.
16.what is mean by routing algorithms?
• THE algorithm that manages routing table and make the routing decisions is called routing algorithm
17.Diff between a Router and bridge?
• Routers provide link between two separate but same type LANs and are must active at the network layer
• Bridges utilize addressing protocols and can affect the flow control of a single LAN : most active at the data link layer.
18.explain Multicasting.?
• A from of addressing in which asset of computer is assigned one address , a copy of any datagram sent top then address is delivered to each of the computers in the set.
19.define subnetting?
• When we divide a network into several subnets , we have three
Levels of hierarchy
• The netid is the first level defines the site,
• The subnetid is the second level define the physical subnetwork.
• The hosted is the 3RD level defines the connections of the host to the subnetwork.
20/.defien IP addressing?
• An IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally define the connection of a host or a router to the internet .
• The sender must know the IP address of the destination computer before sending a packet.
No comments:
Post a Comment